Governance, Underdevelopment, and Internal Colonialism: A Study of the Tribal Areas (ex-FATA) of Pakistan

Abstract

This research investigates the persistent underdevelopment and marginalization of Pakistan's Tribal Areas (ex-FATA) bordering Afghanistan, arguing that these regions have been subjected to a form of internal colonialism. The paper explores the historical and contemporary factors contributing to this unequal center-periphery relationship, focusing on the role of governance, development policies, and elite interests. By analyzing socio-economic indicators and comparing the ex-FATA to other regions of Pakistan, the study reveals a stark disparity in development outcomes. The paper argues that the ex-FATA's marginalization stems from a combination of factors, including historical neglect - the region's isolation and limited integration into Pakistan's national development framework have hindered its progress; Governance Challenges - weak governance, corruption, and the dominance of local elites have diverted resources away from development needs; and elite capture - the political and economic power structures in the ex-FATA have often been captured by elites who prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population. The paper concludes by examining the implications of internal colonialism for the ex-FATA's population, including poverty, limited opportunities, and social unrest. It also discusses potential strategies for addressing these challenges and promoting more equitable development in the region.

Keywords: Governance, underdevelopment, Tribal Areas, elite class, Center-periphery, internal colonialism, colonial culture, development indicators.